12 Intangible assets

CHANGES IN INTANGIBLE ASSETS IN THE PERIOD JANUARY 1 TO DECEMBER 31, 2019

€ million

 

Brand names

 

Goodwill

 

Capitalized development costs for products under development

 

Capitalized development costs for products currently in use

 

Other intangible assets

 

Total

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Cost
Balance at Jan. 1, 2019

 

16,952

 

23,318

 

7,215

 

32,020

 

8,992

 

88,496

Foreign exchange differences

 

−18

 

−57

 

33

 

77

 

12

 

46

Changes in consolidated Group

 

5

 

17

 

 

 

234

 

256

Additions

 

 

 

3,251

 

1,920

 

770

 

5,940

Transfers

 

 

 

−4,301

 

4,299

 

54

 

52

Classified as held for sale

 

61

 

15

 

 

 

47

 

122

Disposals

 

 

16

 

8

 

1,421

 

126

 

1,571

Balance at Dec. 31, 2019

 

16,878

 

23,247

 

6,188

 

36,895

 

9,889

 

93,098

Amortization and impairment
Balance at Jan. 1, 2019

 

84

 

1

 

42

 

16,768

 

6,989

 

23,883

Foreign exchange differences

 

0

 

 

0

 

45

 

6

 

51

Changes in consolidated Group

 

 

 

 

 

147

 

147

Additions to cumulative amortization

 

3

 

 

 

4,049

 

680

 

4,731

Additions to cumulative impairment losses

 

 

15

 

7

 

8

 

4

 

34

Transfers

 

 

 

−1

 

1

 

2

 

2

Classified as held for sale

 

0

 

 

 

 

12

 

12

Disposals

 

 

16

 

 

1,422

 

114

 

1,551

Reversal of impairment losses

 

 

 

3

 

396

 

3

 

402

Balance at Dec. 31, 2019

 

86

 

 

45

 

19,053

 

7,700

 

26,884

Carrying amount at Dec. 31, 2019

 

16,793

 

23,247

 

6,143

 

17,842

 

2,189

 

66,214

CHANGES IN INTANGIBLE ASSETS IN THE PERIOD JANUARY 1 TO DECEMBER 31, 2020

€ million

 

Brand names

 

Goodwill

 

Capitalized development costs for products under development

 

Capitalized development costs for products currently in use

 

Other intangible assets

 

Total

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Cost
Balance at Jan. 1, 2020

 

16,878

 

23,247

 

6,188

 

36,895

 

9,889

 

93,098

Foreign exchange differences

 

33

 

77

 

−77

 

−299

 

−281

 

−548

Changes in consolidated Group

 

 

31

 

8

 

15

 

56

 

111

Additions

 

 

 

4,576

 

1,897

 

1,038

 

7,511

Transfers

 

 

 

−4,150

 

4,150

 

−58

 

−58

Disposals

 

 

37

 

107

 

1,341

 

310

 

1,795

Balance at Dec. 31, 2020

 

16,911

 

23,318

 

6,438

 

41,316

 

10,334

 

98,317

Amortization and impairment
Balance at Jan. 1, 2020

 

86

 

 

45

 

19,053

 

7,700

 

26,884

Foreign exchange differences

 

−5

 

 

0

 

−172

 

−232

 

−409

Changes in consolidated Group

 

 

 

 

 

9

 

9

Additions to cumulative amortization

 

3

 

 

 

4,514

 

733

 

5,249

Additions to cumulative impairment losses

 

 

37

 

55

 

75

 

62

 

229

Transfers

 

 

 

−6

 

7

 

0

 

1

Disposals

 

 

37

 

 

1,344

 

226

 

1,606

Reversal of impairment losses

 

 

 

7

 

 

0

 

7

Balance at Dec. 31, 2020

 

83

 

 

87

 

22,133

 

8,046

 

30,349

Carrying amount at Dec. 31, 2020

 

16,828

 

23,318

 

6,351

 

19,183

 

2,288

 

67,968

Other intangible assets comprise in particular concessions, purchased customer lists and dealer relationships, industrial and similar rights, and licenses in such rights and assets.

The allocation of the brand names and goodwill to the operating segments is shown in the following table:

€ million

 

2020

 

2019

 

 

 

 

 

Brand names by operating segment

 

 

 

 

Porsche

 

13,823

 

13,823

Scania Vehicles and Services

 

971

 

932

MAN Truck & Bus

 

1,127

 

1,127

MAN Energy Solutions

 

415

 

415

Ducati

 

404

 

404

Other

 

89

 

93

 

 

16,828

 

16,793

Goodwill by operating segment

 

 

 

 

Porsche

 

18,825

 

18,825

Scania Vehicles and Services

 

2,808

 

2,699

MAN Truck & Bus

 

587

 

587

MAN Energy Solutions

 

263

 

265

Ducati

 

290

 

290

ŠKODA

 

155

 

160

Porsche Holding Salzburg

 

130

 

151

Other

 

260

 

271

 

 

23,318

 

23,247

The impairment test for recognized goodwill and brand names is based on value in use, which has been determined at the level of the respective brand. In this process, the WACC rates, based on the risk-free rate of interest, a market risk premium and the cost of debt, are applied. For more information on the general approach and key assumptions, please refer to the details provided on intangible assets in the “Accounting policies” section.

Moreover, the following aspects were of significance for the brands with material recognized brand names and goodwill:

The planning of the Porsche cash-generating unit is based on a significant increase in the proportion of electric vehicles over the planning period and the implementation of further optimization measures.

Planning at Scania Vehicles and Services is based on the growing share of electric vehicles in the fleet, against a backdrop of market demand for electric models, which tend to be more expensive.

For MAN Truck & Bus, the planning assumes a continuous improvement in the operating result in the course of the detailed planning period.

For all cash-generating units, recoverability is not affected by a variation in the growth forecast with respect to the perpetual annuity or in the discount rate of +/−0.5 percentage points.

Research and development costs developed as follows:

€ million

 

2020

 

2019

 

%

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Total research and development costs

 

13,885

 

14,306

 

−2.9

of which: capitalized development costs

 

6,473

 

5,171

 

25.2

Capitalization ratio in %

 

46.6

 

36.1

 

 

Amortization of capitalized development costs

 

4,644

 

4,064

 

14.3

Research and development costs recognized in profit or loss

 

12,056

 

13,199

 

−8.7